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Sepioteuthis Australis Research Articles - glen - 27-02-2006 Query: (southern calamary) or (Sepioteuthis australis) - These records are taken from the Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. Record 1 of 24 TI: Title The role of hatchling size in generating the intrinsic size-at-age variability of cephalopods: extending the Forsythe Hypothesis AU: Author Pecl, GT*; Steer, MA; Hodgson, KE SO: Source Marine and freshwater research [Mar. Freshwat. Res.]. Vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 387-394. 2004. IS: ISSN 1323-1650 AB: Abstract Cephalopods are characterized by extreme variability in size-at-age, with much of this variation attributed to effects of temperature and food. However, even siblings reared under identical conditions display a wide range of sizes after a period of growth. Hatchling size may represent a source of variation encompassed within adult size-at-age data within a given cohort (variation in hatchling size suggests that a cohort's growth trajectory will have a 'staggered start') and, as hatchling size also varies as a function of incubation temperature this will vary across broader scales (i.e. between cohorts). Field-hatchling size data for Sepioteuthis australis were used in simple deterministic simulations, extending Forsythe's (1993) temperature hypothesis, to investigate the influence of hatchling size on adult size-at-age variability. Within a cohort, our growth projections suggest that after 90 days, a large hatchling growing at a specific constant percentage daily growth rate, would be approximately double the size of the small hatchling growing at exactly the same rate, irrespective of the growth rate used. When considering growth of different cohorts, decreases in hatchling size, as temperatures increase during a spring-summer spawning season, may be partially counteracting the 'Forsythe-effect' of increased growth rate at higher temperatures. PY: Publication Year 2004 Record 2 of 24 TI: Title The effect of variability in growth on somatic condition and reproductive status in the southern calamary Sepioteuthis australis AU: Author Ho, JD*; Moltschaniwskyj, NA; Carter, CG SO: Source Marine and freshwater research [Mar. Freshwat. Res.]. Vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 423-428. 2004. IS: ISSN 1323-1650 AB: Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine how the lifetime growth rates of adult southern calamary Sepioteuthis australis related to somatic and reproductive condition. A hierarchy of biological levels was explored: whole-animal, muscle fibre, and proximal condition. Evidence at all biological levels suggested that allocation of energy given to growth and reproduction was gender-specific. Females may not be allocating the same level of energy to somatic growth due to a greater requirement to re-allocate energy for reproductive growth. There was evidence that faster growing males were in better somatic and reproductive condition. Both males and females in better somatic condition were also in better reproductive condition. Fast growth rates by individuals were achieved primarily by muscle fibre growth, rather than production of new fibres. However, mantle muscle instantaneous growth rates (assessed through RNA: protein ratio) decreased as males became larger and more reproductively mature; no association was evident in females. An inverse correlation between gonad size and muscle instantaneous growth rates in females suggested energy was being directed away from somatic growth and towards reproductive growth. There was evidence that lifetime growth rates could predict the reproductive or somatic condition of adult calamary, but this was gender-specific. PY: Publication Year 2004 Record 3 of 24 TI: Title The in situ relationships between season of hatching, growth and condition in the southern calamary, Sepioteuthis australis AU: Author Pecl, GT* SO: Source Marine and freshwater research [Mar. Freshwat. Res.]. Vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 429-438. 2004. IS: ISSN 1323-1650 AB: Abstract This paper examines seasonal patterns in growth and condition of Sepioteuthis australis from temperate waters of Tasmania (Australia). Growth was described by a power function and was fast for a temperate species. Sepioteuthis australis is an annual species, however spawning and hatching of juveniles appears to occur all year round. Analysis of individual juvenile growth demonstrated a correlation between seasonally increasing temperatures and progressively faster growth. Season of hatching also had a clear effect on adult growth; summer-hatched individuals were larger at 170-190 days of age compared with winter-hatched individuals. The length-mantle weight relationship of adults was also dependent on season of hatching, with individuals hatched in summer and spring having heavier mantles at a given length than those hatched in winter or autumn. Differential rates of growth or varying levels of condition, or perhaps both, may affect the survivorship of individuals. Growth, condition and potentially lifespan of S. australis are dependent on environmental factors, with the dynamic nature of oceanographical conditions on the east coast of Tasmania resulting in a highly variable and fluctuating population structure. PY: Publication Year 2004 Record 4 of 24 TI: Title Effects of genetic and environmental factors on growth of southern calamary, Sepioteuthis australis, from southern Australia and northern New Zealand AU: Author Triantafillos, L* SO: Source Marine and freshwater research [Mar. Freshwat. Res.]. Vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 439-446. 2004. IS: ISSN 1323-1650 AB: Abstract Extreme plasticity in growth is consistently found by ageing studies on squid. This study examined the contribution that genetic and environmental factors had on growth of the southern calamary (Sepioteuthis australis) from sites in southern Western Australia, South Australia and New Zealand. In all, 147 adults, comprising three sympatric genetic types (two parental taxa and one hybrid), were aged by counting microincrements in statoliths. Estimates of age ranged from 121 to 268 days and varied with mantle length, sex, genetic type and region. Males grew much faster and attained a larger size than females. Significant differences were also detected between genetic types, with the hybrids always growing faster (at least 60% larger at 150 days old) than the two parental taxa, a phenomenon commonly referred to as hybrid vigour. Spatial differences in growth were also detected, with individuals from Western Australia usually growing faster than those from South Australia and New Zealand. Possible explanations for these growth patterns are discussed. PY: Publication Year 2004 Record 5 of 24 TI: Title Multiple paternity in field- and captive-laid egg strands of Sepioteuthis australis (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) AU: Author van Camp, LM; Donnellan, SC; Dyer, AR; Fairweather, PG SO: Source MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH; VOL 55; NUMB 8; pp. 819-824; 2004 IS: ISSN 1323-1650 PY: Publication Year 2004 Record 6 of 24 TI: Title Reproductive Behavior in the Squid Sepioteuthis australis From South Australia: Ethogram of Reproductive Body Patterns AU: Author Jantzen, TM; Havenhand, JN SO: Source Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole [Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole]. Vol. 204, no. 3, pp. 290-304. 1 Jun 2003. IS: ISSN 0006-3185 AB: Abstract Squids use a diverse range of body patterns for communication. Each pattern consists of a series of chromatic, postural, and locomotor components that are under neural control and can change within fractions of a second. Here we describe an ethogram of 48 body pattern components from in situ observations of reproductively active Sepioteuthis australis. In addition, we identify the total time and average duration that each component is shown, to a resolution of 1 s. Our results suggest that only a few components (e.g., "Golden epaulettes," "Stitchwork fins," and "Rigid arms") are temporally common, that is, shown for more than 80% of the time. In contrast to the component classification reported for other species of squid, for this species we suggest a classification system consisting of "short acute" (lasting for < 10 s); some of these same components were also classified as "medium acute" (11-60 s) or "chronic" (> 60 s). Several body patterning components were previously unreported, as were some of the combinations observed. The significance of these patterning components is discussed within the context of the associated behaviors of the squid on the spawning grounds. PY: Publication Year 2003 Record 7 of 24 TI: Title Reproductive Behavior in the Squid Sepioteuthis australis From South Australia: Interactions on the Spawning Grounds AU: Author Jantzen, TM; Havenhand, JN SO: Source Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole [Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole]. Vol. 204, no. 3, pp. 305-317. 1 Jun 2003. IS: ISSN 0006-3185 AB: Abstract Squid behavior is synonymous with distinctive body patterns, postures, and movements that constitute a complex visual communication system. These communications are particularly obvious during reproduction. They are important for sexual selection and have been identified as a potential means of species differentiation. Here we present a detailed account of copulation, mating, and egg deposition behaviors from in situ observations of the squid Sepioteuthis australis from South Australia. We identified four mating types from 85 separate mating attempts: "Male-upturned mating" (64% of mating attempts); "Sneaker mating" (33%); "Male-parallel" (2%); and "Head-to-head" (1%). Intervals between successive egg deposition behaviors were clearly bimodal, with modes at 2.5 s and 70.0 s. Ninety-three percent of egg capsules contained 3 or 4 eggs (mean = 3.54), and each egg cluster contained between 218 and 1922 egg capsules (mean = 893.9). The reproductive behavior of S. australis from South Australia was different from that described for other cephalopod species. More importantly, comparison between these results and those for other populations of S. australis suggests that behavior may differ from one population to another. PY: Publication Year 2003 Record 8 of 24 TI: Title The dynamics of the summer-spawning population of the loliginid squid Sepioteuthis australis in Tasmania, Australia - a conveyor belt of recruits AU: Author Jackson, GD; Pecl, G SO: Source ICES Journal of Marine Science [ICES J. Mar. Sci.]. Vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 290-296. Apr 2003. IS: ISSN 1054-3139 AB: Abstract The population dynamics of the loliginid squid Sepioteuthis australis was examined on a fine temporal scale during a 2-month period of rising sea-surface temperatures on the summer inshore spawning grounds of Coles Bay, Tasmania, Australia. Samples were taken regularly (generally weekly) to discern any short-term population changes in age, growth or reproductive parameters. There was no change in the mean age, mantle length or weight of males or females through the study period (November and December 1996). This indicated that instead of following one or a few discrete cohorts of spawning individuals, there were continuous waves of new individuals moving onto the spawning beds, which may be best described by a conveyer belt of new recruits. There was an abrupt and significant difference in the mean oviduct egg size in females caught between November and December but the factors responsible for this remain unknown. Few squid showed evidence of recent feeding, suggesting that they move off the spawning grounds to feed. PY: Publication Year 2003 Record 9 of 24 TI: Title Are bigger calamary Sepioteuthis australis hatchlings more likely to survive? A study based on statolith dimensions AU: Author Steer, MA; Pecl, GT; Moltschaniwskyj, NA SO: Source Marine ecology progress series [Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.]. Vol. 261, pp. 175-182. 2003. IS: ISSN 0171-8630 AB: Abstract To determine whether any size-selective processes were operating throughout the life history of squid, this study set out to ascertain whether bigger hatchlings are more likely to survive to adulthood. This was achieved by comparing natal statolith dimensions between recently hatched (< 13 h old) and successfully recruited adult Sepioteuthis australis. The squid statolith (analogous to the teleost otolith) retains a check associated with hatching, and the natal radius (NR) at hatching had a strong linear relationship to dorsal mantle length (ML). Hatchlings were collected using emergent traps from October 2001 to February 2002 on natural spawning grounds located on the east coast of Tasmania. Hatchling size was extremely variable ranging from 4.3 to 7.3 mm (ML), with significantly larger squids hatching out in November and the smallest in February. From February to August, adults were collected from the same bay and aged using validated daily rings in the statolith and those adults estimated to have been born between October and February were included in the analysis. In all but 1 mo, a significant difference between the NR size distributions of the hatchlings and adults was detected due to low numbers of adults with small NRs. This indicated that smaller hatchlings were less likely to recruit, suggesting that there is an element of size-mediated mortality operating on populations of S. australis. PY: Publication Year 2003 Record 10 of 24 TI: Title Currents as environmental constraints on the behavior, energetics and distribution of squid and cuttlefish AU: Author O'Dor, RK; Adamo, S; Aitken, JP; Andrade, Y; Finn, J; Hanlon, RT; Jackson, GD SO: Source Bulletin of Marine Science [Bull. Mar. Sci.]. Vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 601-617. Sep 2002. IS: ISSN 0007-4977 AB: Abstract The energy available in an ecosystem can often be smoothly matched to physiological requirements through behavioral changes. Tracking projects in Spencer Gulf and Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Lagoon, Australia, compared the energetics of tropical/temperate squids (Sepioteuthis lessoniana and Sepioteuthis australis) and cuttlefish (Sepia apama) using radio-acoustic positioning telemetry (RAPT). Distinctive activity patterns indicated that tidal currents were key environmental influences, as important as temperature, diel cycles and foraging. Continuous position and mantle pressure data from nature correlated with visually and video documented behaviors. Cuttlefish were diurnal, relatively inactive and spent their time within benthic boundary layers, hovering near or under structures. Squid, in contrast, were continuously active, seeking out particular current regimes to conserve energy using slope soaring tactics previously seen in Loligo forbesi. These behaviors illustrate an energetic tradeoff between neutral and negative buoyancy for access to prey in currents. In the high current GBR site, squid concentrated in the boundary layers of floating `squid aggregating devices' (SADs). Rheotactic behavior has been well characterized for fishes in streams and some marine systems, and is briefly reviewed in the context of cephalopod examples to define rheological guilds. Fast-growing, high-energy cephalopods provide a powerful paradigm for assessing energy transfers in ecosystems. PY: Publication Year 2002 Record 11 of 24 TI: Title Preliminary field observations of mating and spawning in the squid Sepioteuthis australis AU: Author Jantzen, TM; Havenhand, JN SO: Source Bulletin of Marine Science [Bull. Mar. Sci.]. Vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 1073-1080. Sep 2002. IS: ISSN 0007-4977 AB: Abstract Sepioteuthis australis is a moderately large ( approximately 30 cm mantle length) teuthoid squid, common throughout the coastal waters of southern Australia and New Zealand (Mangold and Clarke, 1998). Although prevalent throughout this region, no observations of copulation have been reported for this species, and spawning behavior has been reported only once in situ [as S. bilineata (Larcombe and Russell, 1971, see Mangold and Clarke, 1998)]. The object of the present note is to contribute to the knowledge of mating and spawning behavior of S. australis. The observations described here are the result of preliminary observations at the latter stages of the spawning period of this little-studied species. We provide a brief overview of S. australis mating and spawning behavior in the field, together with an insight into the proposed research that will be conducted on this species in future spawning seasons. PY: Publication Year 2002 Record 12 of 24 TI: Title Effects of hatching season on the growth rate, reproductive-somatic investment and spawning biology of Sepioteuthis australis in the temperate waters of southern Australia AU: Author Pecl, G SO: Source Bulletin of Marine Science [Bull. Mar. Sci.]. Vol. 71, no. 2, p. 1135. Sep 2002. IS: ISSN 0007-4977 AB: Abstract This paper is a synthesis of several studies examining the influence of hatching season on growth rates, patterns of reproductive-somatic investment and the spawning biology of the temperate water squid, Sepioteuthis australis, from the east coast of Tasmania, Australia. Hatching season was determined for 400 squid using back-calculated dates of hatching derived from validated statolith age estimations. Growth rate of S. australis was strongly influenced by hatching season, with individuals hatched in warmer seasons having a final size that could surpass that of earlier hatched (and therefore older) individuals. There was also evidence that the effect of temperature was not limited to initial growth stages, instead temperature continued to influence growth patterns throughout the adult life cycle. These seasonal differences in growth translate into substantial variations in size-at-age, for example, the mean total weight of summer hatched squid at 170-190 d of age was 1002g ( plus or minus 98 g SE), compared to 632 g ( plus or minus 27 g SE) in winter hatched squid. Fast growing summer-hatched females caught during winter had relatively heavy mantles but low gonado-somatic indices and appeared to be laying relatively small batches of eggs. Slower growing winter-hatched females had lighter mantles, gonado-somatic indices almost double that of summer-hatched females and were laying much larger batches of eggs. The waters off the east coast of Tasmania are derived from a mixture of nutrient-rich subantarctic and nutrient-poor subtropical water masses with considerable intra- and inter-annual variability in the broad patterns of oceanic circulation and productivity. Given that the growth, patterns of repro-somatic investment and spawning biology, and potentially life span of Sepioteuthis australis are responsive to environmental factors, the dynamic nature of oceanographic conditions on the east coast of Tasmania are likely to result in high variability in both the population structure and stock-recruitment relationship. PY: Publication Year 2002 Record 13 of 24 TI: Title An assessment of the use of short-term closures to protect spawning southern calamary aggregations from fishing pressure in Tasmania, Australia AU: Author Moltschaniwskyj, N; Pecl, G; Lyle, J SO: Source Bulletin of Marine Science [Bull. Mar. Sci.]. Vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 501-514. Jul 2002. IS: ISSN 0007-4977 AB: Abstract Fishing effort for southern calamary in Tasmania focuses on the spawning aggregations that occur in shallow sheltered bays over the austral spring and early summer. This paper explores the effect of two 2-wk fishing closures in Great Oyster Bay, Tasmania to protect spawning populations of the southern calamary squid (Sepioteuthis australis) from fishing pressure. In the period before the first 2-wk closure, mature adult squid were present on the inshore seagrass beds in which they lay their eggs. However, despite the high reproductive status of the females present very low numbers of eggs were laid. During the first of the two closures, densities of eggs increased six-fold, suggesting that either the closure provided protection to the spawning aggregation or promoted an increase in spawning activities. An increase in spawning activity did not occur during the second closure, possibly because the reproductive condition of females was declining by this time. However, densities of newly laid eggs on the seagrass beds remained constant during the following 6 wks. Daily CPUE information suggested that closing Great Oyster Bay to fishing did not result in increased numbers of squid aggregating in the spawning areas. Despite increased commercial fishing effort throughout Tasmania, CPUE data indicates higher catches of squid were landed in Great Oyster Bay. However the reduced contribution of Great Oyster Bay to total catches in Tasmania over the study period suggests the short closures were of value in protecting the spawning aggregation. PY: Publication Year 2002 Record 14 of 24 TI: Title Description and quantification of developmental abnormalities in a natural Sepioteuthis australis spawning population (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) AU: Author Gowland, FC; Moltschaniwskyj, NA; Steer, MA SO: Source Marine ecology progress series [Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.]. Vol. 243, pp. 133-141. 2002. IS: ISSN 0171-8630 AB: Abstract Eggs of the southern calamary Sepioteuthis australis were sampled from spawning sites off eastern Tasmania, Australia, during an austral spring/summer spawning season. At fortnightly intervals, 3 unfouled and 3 biofouled egg strands were sampled from 6 to 23 distinct egg masses (N sub(eggs) = 2649). Highly significant variation was noted between sample dates in the frequency of unfertilised eggs, developmental abnormalities and egg mortalities. Unfertilised eggs were only found during late October and early November and represented a mean 2.12 plus or minus 1.25% SE and 0.58 plus or minus 0.58% SE eggs per strand respectively. Frequency of abnormality varied significantly between sample dates and ranged from 8.35 plus or minus 1.86% SE eggs per strand in late November to 0.92 plus or minus 0.41% SE in late December. Abnormalities were arbitrarily categorised as defects in external yolk sac morphology, reduced embryonic size, mantle deformities, eye deformities and arm deformities. Defects in external yolk sac morphology were found throughout the spawning season and accounted for 46.3% of all abnormalities. Incidence of mortality varied significantly between sample dates and ranged from 1.40 plus or minus 0.68% SE per strand in late October to 11.61 plus or minus 3.23% SE in early January. Highly significant correlation was noted between incidence of developmental abnormality and within-strand egg position. Biofouled egg strands were characterised by comparatively low incidences of unfertilised and dead eggs. The influences of environment, egg position and biofouling upon embryonic development in S. australis are discussed. PY: Publication Year 2002 Record 15 of 24 TI: Title Temporal variability in embryonic development and mortality in the southern calamary Sepioteuthis australis: A field assessment AU: Author Steer, MA; Moltschaniwskyj, NA; Gowland, FC SO: Source Marine ecology progress series [Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.]. Vol. 243, pp. 143-150. 2002. IS: ISSN 0171-8630 AB: Abstract This study describes the incidence of embryonic mortality and differential development in southern calamary Sepioteuthis australis eggs. Late-stage S. australis egg strands harbouring multiple embryos close to hatching were sampled from shallow (< 4 m) Tasmanian spawning grounds from early November 2000 to January 2001. Sepioteuthis australis embryos were found to develop asynchronously within individual egg strands with proximal embryos developing slower and suffering higher mortality than their distal siblings. The magnitude of asynchrony, however, differed throughout the season with greater within-strand differences observed when embryos were exposed to broader incubation temperatures. Unexpectedly, embryos developed more synchronously within biologically fouled strands and displayed a significantly lower incidence of mortality compared to those developing in unfouled strands. Embryonic mortality was initially low (4%) and significantly increased to 20% in late November, remaining above 10% until late December. This dramatic increase in mortality was not strongly associated with increasing water temperatures, but coincided with a period of heavy rainfall alluding to potential salinity effects. PY: Publication Year 2002 Record 16 of 24 TI: Title Lipid and fatty acid composition of the mantle and digestive gland of four Southern Ocean squid species: implications for food-web studies AU: Author Phillips, KL; Nichols, PD; Jackson, GD SO: Source Antarctic science [Antarct. Sci.]. Vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 212-220. 2002. IS: ISSN 0954-1020 AB: Abstract Lipid content, lipid class and fatty acid composition of four Southern Ocean cephalopod species - the myopsid Sepioteuthis australis and three oegopsids, Gonatus antarcticus, Moroteuthis robsoni and Todarodes spp. - were analysed. The lipid content of the digestive gland was consistently greater than that of the mantle, and was an order of magnitude greater in oegopsid species. The lipid class and fatty acid composition of the mantle and digestive gland also differed markedly in each species. Digestive gland lipid is likely to be of dietary origin, and large amounts of lipid in the digestive gland of oegopsids may accumulate over time. Thus the digestive gland is a rich source of fatty acid dietary tracers and may provide a history of dietary intake. However, the absolute amount of dietary lipid in the digestive gland of oegopsid species exceeds the absolute lipid content of mantle tissue. Therefore the overall lipid "signature" of an oegopsid may more closely resemble its prey species rather than its mantle tissue. When lipid techniques are used in dietary analysis of teuthophagous predators, squid may not be represented by a unique signature in analyses and their importance in the diets of predators may be underestimated. PY: Publication Year 2002 Record 17 of 24 TI: Title Allozyme analysis reveals a complex population structure in the southern calamary Sepioteuthis australis from Australia and New Zealand. AU: Author Triantafillos, L; Adams, M SO: Source Marine Ecology Progress Series [Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.]. Vol. 212, pp. 193-209. 2001. IS: ISSN 0171-8630 AB: Abstract Allozyme electrophoresis was used to investigate species boundaries and population genetic structure within the southern calamary Sepioteuthis australis Quoy and Gaimard. Samples collected from 17 localities around southern Australia and northern New Zealand were examined for allozyme variation at 49 loci. Of 13 polymorphic loci detected, 7 were sufficiently variable to be useful as routine genetic markers of population structure. There was little or no genetic differentiation across the entire range sampled at 5 of these 7 loci. In marked contrast, the allozyme data at 2 loci (Fdp and PepD) unequivocally sorted all individuals into 1 of 3 genetic types, the geographic distributions of which exhibited a markedly non-random pattern. One type was mainly found near the western and eastern limits of the sampled area, the other type predominantly in the intervening region. Where these 2 types overlapped, a third hybrid-type was found at frequencies predicted under Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The 2 most-likely explanations for these data are: (1) there are 2 taxa within S. australis which produce only F sub(1) hybrids wherever they overlap, or (2) the 2 loci Fdp and PepD are tightly linked and thus are not independent measures of population structure. Preliminary morphological and reproductive data support the hypothesis of 2 taxa, while mitochondrial DNA-sequence data are inconclusive. It is argued that some combination of the 2 explanations may be operating. Regardless of the final outcome, the data indicate that there are a number of discrete stocks of S. australis in this region, a result at variance with current management perspectives on this important fishery. PY: Publication Year 2001 Record 18 of 24 TI: Title Flexible reproductive strategies in tropical and temperate Sepioteuthis squids. AU: Author Pecl, G SO: Source Mar. Biol. Vol. 138, no. 1, pp. 93-101. 2001. IS: ISSN 0025-3162 AB: Abstract A major difficulty confronting the determination of cephalopod reproductive life history is assessing over what portion of the life span an individual is reproductively mature and actively depositing eggs. This paper assesses the potential of the tropical Sepioteuthis lessoniana and two genetic types of the temperate Sepioteuthis australis, to spawn multiple batches of eggs at discrete times throughout the adult life span. This is achieved by histological examination of the ovarian gametogenic cycle and detailed morphological assessments of the reproductive system, in conjunction with other biological information. The genetic type of S. australis found at the northern limits of its Australian distribution showed evidence of a high correlation between body size and quantity of mature eggs, suggesting that eggs may be accumulating to be laid in a single batch. Although maturation was also a sizerelated process in S. lessoniana and Tasmanian S. australis, oviduct size was not correlated with body weight in mature females, which is indicative of multiple spawning. Further supporting evidence includes relatively low gonadosomatic indices, the heavier weight of the ovary relative to the oviduct, and the feeding activity of mature animals. Mature S. lessoniana and S. australis individuals were present at each location over very wide age and size ranges. In Tasmanian waters, there were distinct seasonal differences in the reproductive biology of S. australis. Summer-caught individuals had much higher gonadosomatic indices and may have been laying larger batches of eggs compared with winter-caught individuals. Summer-caught females also showed a negative correlation between egg size and egg number within the oviduct, suggesting that some individuals were producing fewer, larger eggs and others many smaller eggs. Evidence suggests that considerable flexibility is inherent in the reproductive strategy of both S. lessoniana and S. australis. PY: Publication Year 2001 Record 19 of 24 TI: Title Cephalopod diet of the Australian fur seal: Variation due to location, season and sample type AU: Author Gales, R; Pemberton, D; Lu, CC; Clarke, MR SO: Source Australian journal of marine and freshwater research. Melbourne [AUST. J. MAR. FRESHWAT. RES.]. Vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 657-671. 1993. IS: ISSN 0067-1940 AB: Abstract In Tasmanian waters, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus preyed on 11 species of cephalopods, predominantly Nototodarus gouldi followed by Sepioteuthis australis and Sepia apama. Cephalopods were more important in the diet of the seals in Bass Strait than in southern Tasmanian waters. The species composition in the diet of the seals in these two areas also differed, with the seals in Bass Strait eating mainly N. gouldi, whereas the seals in southern waters fed on benthic octopods. The seals preyed on mainly adult cephalopods over the continental shelf. The size range and species composition of the diet varied according to the sample types, with faeces containing only small beaks relative to regurgitates and stomachs. Errors associated with sample types and application of regression equations are discussed. PY: Publication Year 1993 Record 20 of 24 TI: Title Partial purification and characterization of the 4-nitrophenylphosphatase activity of invertebrate photoreceptive microvilli. Absence of in vitro rhodopsin phosphatase activity. AU: Author Trowell, SC SO: Source Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, B. Vol. 89B, no. 2, pp. 285-297. 1988. IS: ISSN 0305-0491 AB: Abstract A 4-nitrophenylphosphatase (4-NPPase) previously localized to the photoreceptive microvilli of a crab is shown to require mu M levels of calcium plus mM magnesium for maximal activity. The phosphomonoesterase, is distinct from the ATPase. GTPase and inositol trisphosphatase activities present in retinal homogenates. A 4-NPPase of squid retina has similar properties to the crab enzyme. The 4-NPPases of both species are homodimers with subunit molecular masses of approx. 35 kDa. Crude and partially purified crab 4-NPPase preparations do not dephosphorylate squid rhodopsin but phosphatase activity was detected towards a 48,000 phosphoprotein of crab retina. PY: Publication Year 1988 Record 21 of 24 TI: Title Pilot survey of recreational fishing activity in Port Hughes, March to May 1985. AU: Author Hill, KL IS: ISSN 0728-1668 AB: Abstract The Research Branch of the Department of Fisheries conducted a three month trial survey of recreational fishing activity in the Port Hughes area during March to May 1985. The project concentrated on the jetty and boat ramp activity at Port Hughes but incorporated occasional surveys of Wallaroo. At Port Hughes most recreational boat anglers were fishing for King George whiting (Sillaginodes punctatus ) and it accounted for the largest proportion of the catch. Squid (Sepioteuthis australis ), tommy fuff (Arripis georgianus ) and garfish (Hyporhamphus melanochir ) accounted for 89% of the total Port Hughes jetty catch during March to May 1985. PY: Publication Year 1986 Record 22 of 24 TI: Title Spearfishing competitions in South Australia (1983/84). 2. Australian skindiving convention. AU: Author Johnson, JE IS: ISSN 0728-1668 AB: Abstract Three shore-based spearfishing heats were held at coastal sites on the Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia, between 28 December 1983 and 5 January 1984 as part of the thirty-second Australian Skindiving Convention. A total of 550 fish from 48 species with a total weight of 336.7 kg was landed. The five most common species by number landed were sea sweep, Scorpis aequipinnis , calamary, Sepioteuthis australis , banded sweep, Scorpis georgianus , red mullet, Upeneichthys porosus and longsnouted boarfish, Pentaceropsis recurvirostris , and they accounted for 60% of the catch. PY: Publication Year 1985 Record 23 of 24 TI: Title Results of otter trawling by the F.V. Battle Axe in central Victorian coastal waters AU: Author Winstanley,R.H. SO: Source Jan 1979., 17 p., Fish. Wildl. Pap. Vict., (no. 18) AB: Abstract The trawling results indicate that there are productive trawl grounds between Cape Otway and Wilsons Promontory, particularly between Flinders and Cape Liptrap. These grounds once supported a seasonal Danish seine fishery and are capable of supporting an otter trawl fishery throughout the year. Because of the versatility of otter trawling, pelagic species formed a large part of the catch. Flatheads (Platycephalidae) (36% of the total catch), school whiting Sillago bassensis (5%) and edible sharks (5%) were the main demersal species caught, and snoek Leionura atun (21%), squid Nototodarus gouldi and calamaries Sepioteuthis australis (3%) and jack mackerel Trachurus declivis (2%) were the main pelagic species. The boat and trawling equipment are described briefly. Monthly catch rates for the main marketable species caught are compared between years and sub-areas of the region fished. PY: Publication Year 1979 Record 24 of 24 TI: Title Interesting squid catches during bight fish survey AU: Author Dunning,M. SO: Source Aust. Fish., 38(10), 9-10, (1979) AB: Abstract During a survey of demersal and pelagic fish resources of the Great Australian Bight from February to April 1979 many of the trawl stations also produced squid. The arrow squid (Notododarus gouldi ) was most common in water 80 to 100 m deep with surface temperatures of about 20 C. The southern calamary (Sepioteuthis australis ) was caught in shallow inshore waters, whereas Rossia australis frequently was in pelagic areas. Information is given of predators and prey of the squid and the distribution of some species and their known migratory nature is discussed. PY: Publication Year 1979 |